Interpretation of management ethics
The development in the global environment at the economic and cultural level was also accompanied by many problems at the ethical and social level, embodied in the processes of non-fulfillment of obligations towards auditors as well as towards the natural environment.
The aspects of ethical behavior and the need to bear social responsibility by organizations are not related to specific societies, but rather it has become a vital and important issue faced by organizations of developed and developing countries.
Entrances to the interpretation of morals
These approaches were developed by scholars, researchers, and philosophers, and they tried to provide an explanation of ethics, each according to his convictions.
Example: For some, reducing the workforce in the organization is beneficial because it makes room for a better-positioned company. While others see that reducing employment is bad and unethical because employees believe that expelling them from work means stripping them of an economic opportunity they depended on.
Individuality: A decision or behavior that maximizes long-term interest or character
Utility: The decision or behavior that provides benefit to the greatest number of people.
Justice: a decision or behavior that includes fairness or impartiality
Jurist: A decision or behavior that preserves the basic rights of all people
utilitarian school:
The Greek philosopher Aristotle (and after him Epicurus) went to the fact that pleasure is the sound of nature, and that instinct is the first motivator of human actions, just like that of animals and children, and he made the criterion of pleasure and pain to measure good and evil actions.
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that links the validity of behavior and its consequences. This theory was developed by British philosophers Jeremy Bentham, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill, in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Utility measures the correctness of an action by the amount of benefit and happiness it achieves, regardless of its compatibility with morals.
The benefit considers that whatever the religion obligates, the law can bring its punishments and public opinion with its penalties.
It turns societies into a jungle in which benefits struggle without control or link.
Principles of the Utilitarian School:
Utility measures the correctness of an action by the amount of benefit and happiness it achieves, regardless of its compatibility with morals.
The benefit considers that whatever the religion obligates, the law can bring its punishments and public opinion with its penalties.
It turns societies into a jungle in which benefits struggle without control or link.
Supporters of this school believe that an action is moral if it leads to good results. This belief contradicts Islamic principles which say that moral behavior follows certain principles even if it leads to unsatisfactory results.
Proponents of utility wanted looser principles that would allow people to follow whatever behavior would lead to the best results.
Bentham believes that pleasure and happiness are the best in themselves, while pain and misery are the basis of evil. And that the right behavior is what leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
For other proponents, there are other beautiful things besides pleasure, which are knowledge, love, and freedom.
Bentham tried to find a way to measure the value of behavior. He tried to apply his theory to politics, asking governments to act for the welfare of their people.
His positions included arguments in favor of the individual, economic freedom, interest, the separation of church and state, freedom of speech, equal rights for women, the right to divorce...
Justice theory
In the book published in 1971, Rawls clearly states that his goal is (to present a conception of justice that generalizes and elevates the individual to the highest level).
The purpose of this conception is to draw the boundary between the individualism generated by the principle of free self-will and communal totalitarianism, which camouflages and excludes the basic individual rights of modern man.
In his book "A Theory of Justice" John Rawls believes that the worker needs a reward for the work he does, but he sees that this should be applied only for the benefit of the poorest and least advantaged classes in society.
Wealth in a just society must be redistributed through social systems to the benefit of the poorest.
This theory aims to show that justice is the first virtue that societies and organizations should strive for. This ethical school is built against the utilitarian theory.
It is concerned with distributive justice, compensation justice, and disciplinary justice.
Ethical behavior is that which is based on treating others with impartiality and justice.
Entrances to justice:
procedural justice
A society in which everyone respects the same principles of justice that he knows everyone else respects to the same extent, and the existing social institution's respect and embody these principles
The degree of clarity in formulating work policies and rules, and the stability and impartiality of their application.
distributive justice
The manner in which institutions allocate principal rights and duties and determine the distribution of benefits derived from social cooperation
The degree of distribution and allocation of resources and outputs without discrimination based on age, gender, or nationality, if competence and skills are equal.
interactive justice
The consensus that occurs in such societies in which people differ in terms of belonging and thought is a consensus that results from interaction, i.e. discussion and dialogue that leads to harmony that transcends conflicting positions.
The extent to which others are treated with dignity, integrity, respect and the extent to which differences are accepted.
psychological conflict theory
Freud wanted to show the effect of disorders of the human psychological system on human moral behavior.
Psychological conflict in morals refers to “a situation in which an individual has a motive to engage in or engage in two or more activities, which are completely opposite in nature.”
This theory is based on the interpretation of the conflict that may occur to the decision-maker between the decisions he must take to achieve the goals of the organization and the ethical side that may contradict them.
Id or lower self:
It means the set of instincts, tendencies, and innate tendencies of the individual that are not accepted by society in its own way, and they are driven by pleasure and gratification of desires without giving any weight to social constraints and the accepted values and ideals.
If a person wants to live a social life compatible with society, he must either be repressed
desires, or express them in a socially and morally acceptable manner.
The emotional self (ego):
The section includes a group of innate or intellectual faculties derived from the desires of the soul after refining them in accordance with the requirements of social life and moral values. The function of Freud's "ego" is to try to reconcile the ideal requirements on the one hand with the innate instinctive tendencies that arise from the lower self.
The ideal self or conscience (the super-ego):
It represents the ideal and spiritual aspect of the human soul. It includes moral principles and ideals derived from religious values, moral rules and social principles.
The "Supreme Ego" or what is known as the conscience is the deterrent force for whims and desires. It also monitors the "ego" in the condemnation of its functions and criticizes or reprimands it if it responds to the whims of the lower self. This soul is the blameworthy soul.
Single School
The individual school relied on a number of philosophies, namely:
Pragmatic Practical Philosophy: Dewey is considered to be the author of this philosophy. It generally emphasizes everything that is practical and is concerned with real experiences.
Existential philosophy: It grants freedom, choice, learning and self-development to the point of accusing it of idleness. It considers that man possesses the self-will to choose morals that are consistent with his own whims and goals without the slightest interference from society.
Natural Romantic Philosophy: Its owner (Jacques Jean Rousseau), focuses on the morals, whims, tendencies, tendencies and innate needs of the individual. It considers that a person is born with goodness and that the change in him is due to society, the reality in it, and his upbringing.
Individual moral patterns appear noticeably and some individuals tend to have their own moral selves.
Some individuals, due to circumstances specific to their upbringing, tend to deviate from morality, deviating from the moral principles accepted by the group.
There is no doubt that the strength or weakness of morals in individuals is related to the strength or weakness of the sources from which they are derived.
Ethical behavior is based on long-term personal self-interest
Personal interests first, then the interests of others